| dc.description | Since the 1950s, CSR (Bowen 1953) along with the related notions of corporate social
responsiveness, corporate social responses (Strand 1983), and corporate social performance
(Carroll 1979; Wood 199t), have been the subject of many conceptualizations originating
mainly from the management literature.
CSR is one of corporation’s responsibilities to its stakeholder and also a voluntary
contribution by corporation to sustainable development (Crane and Matten, 2007). In
addition, the view of CSR as an obligation fails to provide normative criteria to evaluate the
extent to which actual business practices can or cannot be considered as socially responsible
(Jones 1995). In particular, as stated by Clarkson (1995), society is at "a level of analysis that
is both more inclusive, more ambiguous and further the ladder of abstraction than a
corporation itself". Clarkson (1995) and other scholars (Donaldson and Preston 1995; Jones
1995; Wood and Jones 1995) argue that businesses are not responsible toward society as a
whole but only toward those who directly or indirectly affect or are affected by the firm's
activities. | en_US |
