http://103.7.193.12:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/124 2026-04-17T16:56:41Z http://103.7.193.12:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1876 CLARIFICATION OF ALUMINUM TOLERANCE MECHANISMS WITH SPECIAL INTEREST IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE LIPID LAYER OF ROOT-TIP PORTION MAINLY OF RICE KHAN , M. SHAHADAT HOSSAIN CLARIFICATION OF ALUMINUM TOLERANCE MECHANISMS WITH SPECIAL INTEREST IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE LIPID LAYER OF ROOT-TIP PORTION MAINLY OF RICE A Dissertation Submitted to The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences Iwate University In Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By M. SHAHADAT HOSSAIN KHAN The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University Science of Biotic Environment Faculty of Agriculture Yamagata University Japan March, 2009 2009-03-01T00:00:00Z http://103.7.193.12:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/784 EFFECT OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON AZOTOBACTER AND CYANOBACTERIAL POPULATION AND RICE CROP IN PIEDMONT SOIL RAHMAN, MD. MANSUR A study was undertaken to evaluate the combined effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the indigenous Azotobacter and cyanobacterial population in soil and on the growth and yield of rice for the Boro-fallow-T. aman rice cropping pattern. The study was carried out both at the field and the laboratory of the Department of Soil Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur. In the field experiment, BRRI dhan28 (boro) and Kataribhog (aman) were grown following the rice-rice cropping pattern in the two consecutive years of 2009 and 2010 in Piedmont soil (AEZ#1). The study was initiated in November 2008 and was continued up to January 2011 to complete two crop cycles with boro rice (BRRI dhan28) as the first crop and T. aman rice (Kataribhog) as the second crop in each cycle. The experiment was laid out in the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eleven treatments having three replications. The 11 treatment combinations consisting of N, P, K, S, Zn, cowdung (CD), poultry manure (PM) and mustard oil cake (MOC) including one control treatment were as follows- To : Control, T; : 100 % RFD on the soil test basis, T, : 75% RFD+25% CD, T3 : 50% RFD+50% CD, Ty : 75% RFD+25% PM, Ts; : 50% RFD+50% PM, Ts : 75% RFD+25% MOC, T; : 50% RFD+50% MOC, Ts : 75% RFD+25 % (CD, PM, MOC), Ty : 50% RFD+50% (CD, PM, MOC) and Tio : 34% CD + 33% PM + 33% MOC. Data were recorded on yields, yield components and N, P, K and S contents and uptake by the grain and straw of rice. In the laboratory indigenous cyanobacterial and Azotobacter population in soil under study were determined before transplantation, 30 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT) and after harvest of rice crops. Soil organic matter status, total N, available P, S and exchangeable K of soil were also determined at 30 and 60 DAT and after harvest of rice crop to assess the nutrient dynamics due to impose of different treatments. The results of the present investigation indicated that integration of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly influenced the yield and yield components of rice, indigenous cyanobacterial and Azotobacter population in soil and soil chemical properties. Results showed that the highest grain yields of boro rice of 6.09 and 5.75 and those of straw of 6.86 and 7.65 t ha’! were recorded in treatment Ts having 75% chemical fertilizer and 25% organic manures during boro seasons of 2009 and 2010, respectively. The lowest grain yields of 3.15 and 2.82 and those of straw yields of 3.88 and 3.37t ha were recorded in T, during 2009 and 2010, respectively. The highest grain yields of T. aman rice of 5.40 and 4.90 and those of straw yields of 10.21 and 11.21t ha’! were recorded in Ts during T. aman seasons of 2009 and 2010 respectively. The lowest grain yields of T. aman rice of 2.78 and 2.28 and those of straw yields of 4.67 and 5.67t ha’! were found in T, during 2009 and 2010, respectively. The yield components viz. plant height, tillers hill’, panicle length, grains panicle’ and 1000 grain weight were significantly affected by the treatments and the maximum values were recorded in treatment Ts. The highest N, P, K and S contents and uptake by rice were recorded in treatment Ts. Cyanobacterial and Azotobacter population was significantly affected by the treatments. Higher cyanobacterial population was recorded in 2010 than those were observed in 2009. On the contrary, cyanobacterial population was higher in boro season than those were recorded in T. aman season of the same year. Similar pattern of Azotobacter popular was recorded during the entire period but the population was higher in boro season than those of T. aman season. Soil organic matter and nutrient status such as total N, available P, S and exchangeable K were slightly increased due to experimentation. From the overall results, it can be concluded that integration of organic and inorganic fertilizers can save 25% chemical fertilizer without any yield decline. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food of over 40% of the world’s population making it the most important food crop currently produced (Hossain and Fischer, 1995). It is the major food for over two billion Asian people and for hundreds of million in Africa and Latin America. Among the rice growing countries, Bangladesh ranks third in area and fourth in production (Islam and Diamond, 2000). Here about 26.62 million acres were used for its cultivation where 25.19 million m tons of rice were harvested during 2002-2003 (BBS, 2004). Of the total rice production in the country, about 49% comes from boro and the rest 44 and 7% from aman and aus, respectively (BBS, 2004). Unfortunately, her average rice yield is less compared to agriculturally advanced rice growing other countries like China, Japan, Korean Republic and the USA (FAO, 2001). 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z http://103.7.193.12:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/143 SOIL SALINITY AND RICE PRODUCTIVITY MANAGEMENT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CYANOBACTERIA ASADUZZAMAN, MOHAMMAD Laboratory and field experiments have been conducted during 2000-2001 to assess the role of Cyanobacteria for maintaining rice productivity, improving soil fertility and reclaiming soil salinity. Saline soils from two saline areas viz. Fultala village of Batiaghata upazila under Khulna district and Mahmudpur village of Shaymnagar paz under Satkhira district were selected for the study. The experiments were conducted in two phases. Firstly, soil samples were collected from two sites and microbiological study was done for isolation and identification of Cyanobacteria, and measuring their N-fixing capacity. Fifteen taxa of Cyanobacteria taking seven from Fultala and eight from Mahmudpur sites were isolated, identified and brought under pure unialgal cultures. Out of 15, six isolates of Cyanobacteria three from Fultala viz. Sccytonema, Oscillatoria, Fischerella, and three from Mahmudpur viz. Anabaena, Scytonema and: Westiellopsis were found promising in respect to fast growth and N fixation capacity at high salinity. BGA inoculum was prepared through composite cultures of these six isolates for field experiments. Secondly, two identical field trials were conducted at both sites to observe the effect of Cyanobacteria on the productivity of rice, soil fertility and soil salinity for two consecutive years (2000 and 2001). The six treatment combinations used for the experiment were — Control, Recommended Fertilizer Dose (RFD) i.e. NgoP22K33Ss, NgoP22K33Ss — 20%N, NgoP22K33Ss — 20%N+ Cyanobacteria, NgoP22K33Ss — 40%N and NgoP22K33Ss — 40% N + Cyanobacteria. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replicaiions. The modern rice varieties BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan31 were used as test crops during boro and T.aman seasons, respectively. Results of the present investigation demonstrated that RFD — 20%N+ Cyanobacteria treatment significantly enhanced rice yield and productivity in saline soils, and maintained the highest yield and productivity throughout the experimentation. Application of Cyanobacteria inoculum in saline soils resulted slightly increased in organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available sulphur and exchangeable potassium contents in soils while resulting in a decrease in pH and electrical conductivity (EC). Results of the present investigation indicated that Cyanobacteria inoculum might be used for maintaining rice productivity, improving soil fertility and reclaiming soil salinity. Crop productivity of the salt affected saline areas in the coastal region differs considerably from that of non-saline areas. Because of salinity, a special environmental and hydrological condition exists, that restricts the normal crop production throughout the year. The coastal saline area includes parts of Ganges floodplain, Ganges tidal floodplain and Young Meghna estuarine floodplain. Oflatc, with the changing degree of salinity of some areas and expansion of salt affected area due to further intrusion of saline water, normal crop production has become more risky. In Bangladesh, over 30 percent of the net cultivable area is in the coastal region. Out of 2.85 million hectares of the coastal and off-shore areas, about 0.83 million hectares of the arable lands which constitutes about 52.8 percent of the net cultivable area in 64 upazilas of 13 districts, is affected by varying degrees of soil salinity (Karim et al., 1990). Agricultural land use in these areas is very poor, which is much lower than the country’s average cropping intensity. Possibility of increasing cropping intensity in this area depends on identification of the factors responsible for low cropping intensity and taking appropriate steps for improving the determining factors. 2005-09-01T00:00:00Z http://103.7.193.12:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/135 YIELD, QUALITY AND SHELF LIFE OF JUTE (Corchorus olitorius) SEED AS INFLUENCED BY POTASSIUM AND BORON ALIM, MD. ABDUL Acute shortage of quality jute seeds (Corchorus olitorius) accentuated conduction of this study in order to find out appropriate doses and proper application of potassium (K) and boron (B) in quest of increasing seed production and improving seed qualities for longer duration of storage. To achieve these objectives, a research plan was made with three experiments conducted at the Jute Seed Production and Research Center, Nashipur, Dinajpur during July 2007 to December 2008. First experiment had the target for selecting appropriate dose and methods for K application from amongst six levels of K (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 & 150 kg ha!) applied in three ways -(i) all K as basal at final land preparation, (ii) half as basal and rest half as top dressing at 30-35 days after sowing (DAS), and (iii) one- third as basal one third at 25 DAS and one- third at 45 DAS as top dressing. Of all the parameters studied, the following six -(i) shoot dry matter yield, (ii) seed yield, (iii) seed quality (viability, vigour, seedling dry matter, EC, soluble protein, soluble sugar), (iv) seed shelf life (deterioration of seed quality as in (iii), (v) benefit cost ratio (BCR), and (vi) K and B, balance in soils, were used for selection of better treatments. Out of 16 treatments, only basal applications of 30, 60, and 90 kg K ha" were selected from the first experiment. The second experiment was conducted parallel to first experiment with four levels of B (0, 1, 2, & 3 kg ha‘) for application as - (1) basal (2) half as basal and half as top dressing at 35 DAS, (3) half as basal and half at 35 DAS as foliar spray, (4) one- third as basal, one third at 25 DAS and one- third at 45 DAS as top dressing, and (v) one- third as basal, one -third at 25 DAS and one- third at 45 DAS as foliar spray. Of the 16 treatments, basal applications of 1, 2 & 3 kg B ha were selected on the basis of their overall performances. The third experiment was carried out with 16 treatment-combination of K (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha") and B (0, 1, 2 and 3 kg ha-!) moduled form the finding of earlier two experiments. Basal application of K and B had significant positive effect on seed yield and seed qualities. They had beneficial effect on the degree of seed leachate conductivity, seedling dry weight and essaying vigour. Application of 60 or 90 kg K ha* along with 1 or 2 kg B ha did not differ significantly in respect of increasing seed yield (62.2-69.0% increase), seed viability (97.5-99.0% germination), EC (317-354 up S cm), vigour (98.33-98.50), seedling dry weight (0.966-1.023 g plant"), % protein in seed (22.2-22.5%), % sugar in seed (13.4-13.6%) and BCR (1.24-1.36). Seeds stored in air tight plastic pot retained good germination (more than 90%) up to 9 months in place of only 6 months for no application of K and B. Use of 60 or 90 kg K ha* with 1 or 2 kg B ha? may ensure safe storage of seeds up to one year having only some deterioration like a decrease in seed germination (7.07-9.09%) vigour (5.95- 7.70%), total soluble protein (4.41-8.42%) and total soluble sugar (5.16-7.95%). The highest seed yield and BCR (997.67 kg ha! and 1.36, respectively) were recorded for the application of 60 kg K + 2 kg B per hectare with a negative balance of 32.6 kg K hat anda positive balance of 1.44 kg B ha" with the corresponding values of 966.8 kg ha-! with 1.24 BCR, and a positive balance of K (1.32 kg ha!) and B (0.514 kg ha") with the application of 90 kg K + 1 kg B per hectare. Therefore, it is inferred that basal application of 90 kg K ha-! + 1 kg B ha? can be a recommendation for producing increased amounts of quality seeds of Corchorus olitorius leaving a positive balance of both K and B in soils. Bangladesh having a population of 150 million, with a growth rate of 1.59 per annum, comprises 9.98 million hectare of total cultivable land of which rice occupies 77.00 %, wheat 2.50%, jute 4.74%, pulses 1.70% and oils 2.50% under single, double and triple cropping pattern (BBS, 2011). Till to date, agriculture is the main stream of Bangladesh's economy and employment. The present contribution of agriculture to GDP is 19.95% employing 21.34% of the total national employment (BBS, 2011). The ever-increasing population of Bangladesh needs more food and fibre for mere survival, which has necessitated the uses of high input agricultural technologies and intensive cropping systems. Intensified production practices have let to use higher-than-traditional rates of nutrients to reach high yield goals of different crops. 2013-09-01T00:00:00Z